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Vesuvius Museum Volcano Facts Volcanoes are cone shaped mountains that are created when magma breaks through the Earth’s surface. Magma is hot liquid rock that is constantly moving under the Earth’s surface and can range in temperature from 2200C to 5000C. Once the magma breaks through the surface it is called lava and starts to solidify into many different types of rocks. The build up of the lava forms a volcano. Volcanoes not only push up through landmasses, but also break through the sea floor and form islands. The Hawaiian Islands formed from volcanoes. Stages of Volcanic Activity Volcanic activity can range from permanently active to inactive. During the active state, volcanoes can erupt. The inactive stage is when volcanoes cease to erupt and reduce in size. Eruption Stage A volcanic eruption occurs when lava flows or ejects from a vent. Vents can be located at the top of the cone shaped mountain and also on its sides, and one volcano can have many vents. Eruptions can be violent or quiet. Violent eruptions occur because new lava, steam, and gases, such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide, build up under hardened lava in the vents. When the pressure gets to great, an explosive eruption occurs. Rock fragments in the form of volcanic dust and ashes are also blown into the air when a volcano erupts. The following table lists three volcanoes and the last time they erupted: Volcano Country Height (m) Last Erupted Mt. Saint Helens United States 2,549 1980 Etna Italy 3,323 1992 Hekla Iceland 1,491 1980 Cooling and Inactive Stage Even after a volcano stops erupting, gases and vapors are still released. During the cooling stage, a volcano can be dormant for months or years. Once the volcano has completely cooled, it reduces in size due to erosion caused by wind and water. Types of Volcanoes The different types of volcanoes depend on the volcano’s eruptions. The following chart lists three different types of volcanoes: Volcano Country Volcano Type Izalco El Salvador Cinder Cone Kilauea United States Shield Mt. Egmont New Zealand Composite Cinder Cones Cinder Cone volcanoes are formed from explosive eruptions. Because the materials are ejected violently from the volcano, the material is loose and spread out. These types of volcanoes are not very tall. Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes are formed from quiet (non-explosive) eruptions. The eruptions usually consist of flowing lava along a large area. After numerous eruptions, a dome-shaped volcanic mountain is formed from the built-up lava flows. Composite Volcanoes Composite volcanoes are very large and are formed from an explosive eruption followed by a quiet eruption. These result in the first layer of ejected material to be covered by the second lava flow. Types of Lava Rocks Basalt Basalt rock is the most common type of lava rock. It is composed primarily of fine-grained silicate minerals. It is dark in color and contains a high percentage of iron and magnesium. Many of the moon rocks obtained by astronauts are basalt rocks. Obsidian Obsidian is semitranslucent hard glass that is usually black in color, but can also be red or brown. It is formed by the lava rock cooling so quickly that it does not have time to crystallize. Obsidian rock was used by earlier people to make weapons because it was easy to shape by flaking. Conclusion While volcanoes can be explosive and destructive, they are a natural occurrence that should be appreciated and studied. Volcanoes begin by magma erupting through the Earth’s crust. The type of eruption determines if the volcano is a cinder cone, shield, or composite volcano. Basalt and obsidian are two types of rock formed from lava. 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